Amiodarone Optic Neuropathy
Despite numerous reports in the literature, amiodarone optic neuropathy remains a controversial subject.1-19 Issues associated with amiodarone optic neuropathy have medicolegal and medical implications. In February…
Ophthalmology
Neuro-ophthalmology
Neuro-ophthalmology resources from the Ophthalmology Hyperguide.
20 resourcesAlphabetical A–Z
Blepharospasm and Facial Spasm
The two most common conditions that are characterized by involuntary movements of the face are blepharospasm and facial spasm (hemifacial spasm).
Eye Pain for the Ophthalmologist
Eye pain is a common and often frustrating complaint of patients. This tutorial reviews the common causes of eye pain and discusses patients who have an abnormal eye examination (eg, optic neuritis, uveitis, orbital…
Giant Cell Arteritis
Giant cell arteritis is a systemic, chronic inflammatory disease of the elderly that primarily affects medium- to large-sized arteries including the aorta. Early recognition, evaluation, and treatment are critical…
Horner’s syndrome
Horner’s syndrome is an important clinical marker of potentially serious structural disease and results from disruption of the ocular sympathetic pathway. The three-neuron arc begins in the hypothalamus (first-order…
Imaging in Neuro-ophthalmology
Patients with orbital or central nervous system disease often present with symptoms of loss of vision or visual field, double vision, eye pain, and proptosis. These symptoms many times signal potentially life- or…
Isolated Fourth Nerve Palsy
A fourth nerve palsy is a relatively common cause for binocular diplopia in adults. History and examination are necessary to differentiate the common and benign etiologies from the potentially dangerous neurologic…
Lid Retraction
The upper eyelid typically covers the superior cornea by 1 mm to 2 mm. Likewise, although there is individual variation, the lower eyelid typically sits just below the inferior corneal margin. The levator palpebrae…
Non-arteritic Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is a common cause of acute unilateral vision loss with optic disc edema. Unlike optic neuritis, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is typically painless. Anterior ischemic optic…
Optic Chiasmal Disorders
The optic nerves exit the globe posteriorly and converge at the optic chiasm (Greek Χ chi). The visual fibers then diverge from the chiasm to form the optic tracts (Slide 1). The temporal fibers remain uncrossed and the…
Optic Disc Edema with a Macular Star
Optic disc edema with a macular star (ODEMS) is a descriptive term for the ophthalmoscopic findings seen in a heterogeneous group of disorders. The clinical findings include swelling of the optic disc head, hard macular…
Optic Neuritis
Optic neuritis refers to idiopathic or demyelinating optic neuropathy. A patient with optic neuritis typically is a young adult with acute, unilateral visual loss associated with eye movement pain. Childhood optic…
Papilledema
Papilledema is a condition that is usually reflected in both eyes as bilateral disc edema. It is secondary to raised intracranial pressure (ICP), and often denotes a serious process. The cause of raised ICP cannot be…
Pareneoplastic Afferent Visual Syndromes in Neuro-ophthalmology
Cancer produces neuro-ophthalmic manifestations through a variety of mechanisms including direct compressive effects from the primary lesion or metastatic disease, infiltration (e.g., carcinomatous or lymphomatous…
Sixth Nerve Palsy
A sixth nerve palsy is a common cause for binocular horizontal diplopia in adults. A complete history and examination are necessary to differentiate the common and benign etiologies from the potentially dangerous…
The Evaluation of Isolated Unexplained Optic Atrophy
The evaluation and management of isolated and unexplained optic atrophy is a relatively common, but difficult, clinical problem for a comprehensive ophthalmologist. Although, in most cases, the history and examination…
The Pupil
The size of the pupillary aperture is controlled by two opposing smooth muscles, the dilator and the sphincter. The dilator muscle originates at the iris root and lies within the cytoplasm of the anterior portion of the…
Third Cranial Nerve Palsy
A patient presenting with a third nerve palsy is considered one of the "highest stakes" encountered by an ophthalmologist. On one hand, a patient may have an isolated, vasculopathic third nerve palsy that resolves with…
Traumatic Optic Neuropathy
Any patient with a disorder of afferent visual function after trauma, characterized by loss of visual acuity, color perception, visual field defect, or loss of contrast sensitivity in one or two eyes, should be…
Visual Field Testing in Neuro-ophthalmic Patients
The visual afferent neural pathway begins in the retina (e.g., photoreceptors, retinal ganglion cells, nerve fiber layer) and travels in the ipsilateral optic nerve. At the optic chiasm, the nasal fibers cross and the…
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