Ophthalmology
Paediatric ophthalmology resources from the Ophthalmology Hyperguide.
The standard conjunctival incision used in extraocular muscle surgery is a peritomy at the limbus. The conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule are incised as a single tissue plane in the limbal incision. This approach is useful…
Esotropia is a convergent (inward) deviation of the eyes. Accommodative esotropia is an inward deviation of the eyes due to an activation of the accommodation reflex, which controls ocular accommodation, convergence and…
Acute conjunctivitis in children is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or allergy. The differential diagnosis of conjunctival inflammation includes nasolacrimal duct obstruction, trauma, corneal abrasions, ulcers, and…
Recession of the rectus muscles is a common strabismus surgical procedure. This procedure involves removal and reattachment of a muscle on the globe so that its new insertion is closer to the muscle origin, usually…
In the late 1970s, the pharmacologic treatment of strabismus was pioneered by Scott,1,2 who experimented with the direct injection of various neurotoxins into the extraocular muscles. Scott correctly theorized that the…
Congenital cataract is one of the common ocular disorders responsible for causing blindness in children when not surgically removed promptly or properly.1,2 Congenital cataract removal may result in posterior capsular…
The surgical management of paralytic strabismus often involves the transposition of extraocular muscles to provide rotational force in the field of action of the paralyzed muscle. In addition, the transposition often is…
During the first month of life, ocular deviations are common and do not always indicate an abnormality. Oculomotor instability may impede adequate assessment of alignment. A more accurate assessment of motility becomes…
Dermoid cysts are choristomas that result secondary to a sequestration of embryonal surface ectoderm between fetal lines of bone closure.1-3 Histopathologically, dermoid cysts are composed of a keratinized squamous…
The color of any visual stimulus may be defined as the result of a certain spectral analysis performed by the brain of the light reflected or emitted. In approximately 92% of individuals, such spectral analysis yields…
Coats' disease is a well-known ocular disorder characterized by congenital retinal telangiectasia, retinal exudation, and exudative retinal detachment.1-3 Clinical variations and methods of treatment for Coats' disease…
A continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis of the anterior lens capsule is commonly performed during surgery for cataracts to allow a safe manipulation within the capsular bag during the surgery and a stable centration of…
Congenital esotropia is a large-angle esodeviation that is present by age 6 months. It represents the most common form of strabismus, with an incidence of 1% to 2%.1 The accepted treatment is eye muscle surgery to…
The diagnosis of Duane’s Retraction syndrome (DRS) is not difficult when patients present with the classic features: abduction and adduction deficiency, retraction of the globe, and narrowing of the palpebral fissure on…
Prescribing eyeglasses in young children is a particular dilemma for eye care professionals. No guidelines exist and practitioners frequently rely on their own experience and preconceived information, which are not…
Nelson: For this discussion, let us consider a case of infantile esotropia (Slide). A 4-month-old child presents with a history of his eyes turning in most of the time, since about 8 weeks of age. The child is healthy…
Half of infant homicides occur during the first 4 months of life1,2 and 80% of infant homicides are thought to represent infant child abuse. More than three children die each day in the United States as a result of…
Much of the data published on botulinum toxin type A (BTA) in the treatment of strabismus have been derived from retrospective or empirical studies of general strabismus populations and do not singularly evaluate a…
Cataract extraction with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is a commonly used surgical procedure to manage pediatric cataracts. The anterior lens capsulotomy/capsulectomy is a critical surgical step of modern cataract…
The accumulation of blood in the anterior chamber is one of the most challenging clinical entities encountered by the ophthalmologist. Even a small hyphema can be a sign of major intraocular trauma with associated…
Ophthalmologists frequently encounter disorders of the lacrimal system, particularly in infants and young children. Epiphora in the first year of life has been reported to occur in as many as 20% of children.1 Knowledge…
Nelson: Once the diagnosis of strabismus is made, consent is given, the data are established, and it is clear the patient needs surgery, does your hospital require medical clearance and preoperative blood work?
Retinoblastoma is the most common primary intraocular malignant tumor in children with an incidence of 1 in 15,000 live births.1 The average annual incidence of retinoblastoma in the United States has been estimated at…
Amblyopia is a common cause of decreased vision in children and young adults.1-4 The prevalence of amblyopia varies from 0.2% to 5.3% depending on the population that is evaluated.1 Amblyopia is often unilateral, but…
Multiple factors are involved in the relationship between strabismus and refractive error. Ophthalmologists are familiar with the dynamics of hypermetropia producing accommodative esotropia. However, few are cognizant…
Successful strabismus surgery depends on a thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the extraocular muscles and fascia. Average values for the anatomic insertions, tendon and muscle lengths, and the relative positions of…
Performance of a successful eye examination in an infant or young child requires flexibility in approach and a willingness to modify the sequence of the examination when required. Often faced with minimal historic…
Retinoblastoma is the most common malignant intraocular tumor in children,1 occurring in approximately 1 of 23,000 live births.2 For many years, the conventional treatment of retinoblastoma was primary enucleation.3…
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